状语从句

在前面我们学习了最简单的复合句，名词性从句。今天，我们来看稍微复杂一点的内容，状语从句。

一、什么是状语从句

所谓状语从句，就是一个句子，在另一个句子中作状语。状语从句可以视为副词，常用来修饰主句。比如，“我完成工作以后，看了一部电影”。这里的“我完成工作以后”，是一个时间状语从句，而它本身也是一个完成的句子。

状语从句在句中的位置是这样的，如果置于主句之前，主句和从句之间通常有逗号，而如果置于主句之后，则主句和从句之间通常没有逗号。

状语从句一般由副词连词引导。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、方式、结果、让步、条件和比较等从句。下面，我们主要来看前7中类型的状语从句。

二、时间状语从句

在英文中，一提到时间，就绕不开时态，而这又恰恰是令许多人头疼的知识点。如果你对时态不是很熟悉，这部分的内容可以先简单过一遍。等后面我们讨论完了时态，再回过头来看，或许就能豁然开朗了。

1.1、when / while / as（当…的时候）

when引导的时间状语从句多用一般态，可接短暂动词，也可接延续动词。while引导的时间状语从句多用进行态，强调动作的进行，只能接延续动词。as则是一个万能词，可接一般态，也可接进行态。

• when he began to play a tune, we had our first glimpse of the snake.

  当他开始吹奏一支曲子时，我们才第一次看到那条蛇。

• I looked down and nearly fell of the ladder when I saw a policeman.

  当我看清是一个警察时，差一点儿从梯子上掉下去。

• While he was eating, I asked him to lend me twenty pounds.

  当他吃饭时，我提出向他借20英镑。

• While the battered car was moving away, Roy stopped his bus and telephoned the police.

  当那辆被撞坏的车开走后，罗伊停下来，给警察打了电话。

• As she walked away, I followed her out of the fair.

  当她走开时，我也跟着她出了集市。

• As the thieves were trying to get away in their car, Roy drove his bus into the back of it.

  当那两个小偷企图乘车逃跑时，罗伊驾驶他的公共汽车撞在了那辆车的后尾上。

1.1.1、when

when有时候也有“就在此时”的意思，用以说明前一个分句的时间。即当它表达主句发生的时间的时候，when引导的从句必须放在主句后面。

• I had nearly reached the town, when the young man suddenly said, very slowly, ‘Do you speak English?’

  就要到达那个镇时，那个青年突然开了口，慢慢地说道：“你会讲英语吗？”

• I was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said, ‘I don’t thing the windows need cleaning at this time of the night.’

  我快爬到窗口时，下面一个人用讽刺的口吻说：“我看不必在夜里这个时候擦窗子吧。”

如果时间状语从句表示将来，一般将来时要改为一般现在时。

• I will be a teacher when I grow up.（虽然“长大”发生在将来，但因为是时间状语从句，所以用一般现在时）

  我长大的时候，要做一个老师。

whenever是when的强调形式，表“无论何时”、“每当”

• Whenever you have an aim, you must sacrifice something of freedom to attain it.

  When you have an aim, you must sacrifice something of freedom to attain it.

  每当有目标，你必须牺牲一定的自由去达成目标。

• Forgive others whenever you can.

  Forgive others when you can.

  得饶人处且饶人

1.1.2、while

while既可以作副词连词，也可以作并列连词。

• 表示“当…时”，while视为副词连词，引导状语从句，此时两个句子的时态通常不同。
  • While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel.
  • A robot-arm will grab the telescope and hold it while the astronauts make the necessary repairs.
• 表示“而…”，while视为并列连词，连接两个分句，此时两个句子时态相同。
  • When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield.

1.2、before / after（在…之前/在…之后）

before和after通常接短暂动词，但也可以接延续动词。

• After I had left a small village in the south of France, I drove on to the next town.

  在离开法国南部的一个小村庄后，我继续驶往下一个城镇。

• After he has retired, he will devote himself to gardening.

  他退休后，将致力于园艺。

• Before he retired, Frank was the head of a very large business company, but as a boy he used to work into a small shop.

  在退休前，弗兰克是一家非常大的商业公司的经理，但他小时候却在一家小铺里做工。

当before用以说明主句的时间很长时，翻译为”才“；而用以说明主句的时间很短时，翻译为”就“。这时，before引导的从句必须放在主句后面。

• Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened to her.

  几乎过了一个星期，那姑娘才能讲述自己的遭遇。

• Only three days passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened to her.

  仅仅过了三天，那个女孩就能讲述自己的遭遇。

1.3、until / till （直到…）

until和till引导的从句只能接短暂动词。当主句表达肯定的意思时，用延续动词；当主句表达否定的意思时，用短暂动词。

• He waited until the volcano became quiet and he was able to return two days later.

  他等到火山平静下来，两天以后又返回去。

• The young man did not wake up until the bed had struck the ground.（no … until … 翻译为“直到…才…”）

  那个年轻人直到床撞到地上才醒了过来。

1.4、as soon as / the moment （一…就…）

as soon as和the moment只能接短暂动词。

• As soon as he had got into the car, I said good morning to him in French and he replied in the same language.

  他一上车，我就用法语向他问早上好，他也同样用法语回答我。

• As soon as this was done, they cooked a meal over an open fire.

  这件事刚刚做完，他们就在篝火上烧起了饭。

• The moment you leave this tent, you will get a big surprise.

  您一走出这个帐篷，就会大吃一惊。

1.5、no sooner … than … / hardly … when … / scarcely … before … （刚…就…）

no sooner … than … 表示主句动作已完成，hardly … when … 和scarcely … before … 表示主句动作差点完成。

通常情况下，在这个类句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时且能接短暂动词。

• He had no sooner returned than he bought a house and went to live there.

  他刚一回到英国便买下了一幢房子住了进去。

• He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house and left the country.

  他还没等安顿下来就卖掉了房子，离开了这个国家。

• I had scarcely fallen asleep before the noise from neighbor work me up.

  我刚一睡着，邻居发出的噪音就把我吵醒了。

1.6、since / ever since（自从…）

since和ever since可以接短暂动词，也可以接延续动词。

• We haven’t seen each other since we graduated.

  他刚在城里买下一所新房子，但自从搬进去后，就和汽车及车主们发生了摩擦。

• He has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners.

  自从毕业后我们彼此就没有见过面。

注：since后通常接一般态，而不能接完成态，最常用的是一般过去时。而且其后的动词通常是短暂性动词。

1.7、造句练习

注：鼠标选中空白处有惊喜哦

• 当我走进这座大楼的时候，看见一位拿着公文包的女士（while）。

  I saw a lady with a briefcase while I was walking into the building.

• 当你长大，你就会知道父母有多伟大。

  When you grow up, you will know how great your parents are.

• 每当你发现你和多数人站在同一边时，就是改革的时候了。

  Whenever you find that you are on the side of the majority, it is the time to reform.

• 玛丽打开礼物后，便开始写感谢函（thank-you notes）了。

  After she opened her gifts, Mary started writing thank-you notes.

• 雨一停，天空中就出现了一道彩虹。

  As soon as the rain stooped, a rainbow appeared in the sky.

• 比赛才刚刚开始，两个队就打了起来。（no sooner … than）

  The game had no snooer started than the two teams began to fight.

• Lulu刚用她的新电脑，电脑就坏了。（hardly … when）

  Lulu had hardly used her new computer when it broke.

• 我们会待在海边直到天黑。

  We are going to stay at the beach until it gets dark.

• 已经过了三个月，大卫才提到他生病了。

  It had been three months before David mentioned he was sick.

• 我在电影院门口等Lisa，不久以后她就到了。

  We waited for Lisa in front of the cinema and it was not long before she arrived.

三、地点状语从句

地点状语从句的连词是where。它引导的地点状语从句，不仅可以表示地点，还可以表示抽象意义“在…形式之下”。常用来表示主句动作发生的地点，即在…地点/形式下，发生了什么事。

• Where there is a will, there is a way.

  有志者，事竟成。

• Where there is smoke, there is fire.

  无风不起浪。

• A driver should slow down where there are schools.

  在有学校的地方，司机应缓行。

• Where the cost of government is high, resources for development are correspondingly low.

  凡是政府管理费用高的地方，用于发展的资金就会相应地减少。

• Where others ran away in fear, the soldier bravely fought against the enemy.

  在其他人惊慌逃跑的情况下，这名士兵英勇地抗击敌军。

造句练习（注：鼠标选中空白处有惊喜哦）：

• 有生命就有希望。

  Where there is life, there is hope.

• 在我成长的地方，人们在马路上都是靠右行驶。

  Where I grew up, people drive on the right side of the road.

• 医生建议我住在空气更新鲜的地方。

  The doctor advised me to live where the air is fresher.

• 在你有足够信心的前提下，你将会成功。

  Where you have enough confidence, you will succeed.

• 无论你去哪里，无论你做什么，我将一直在这儿等你。

  Wherever you go, Whatever you do, I will be right here waiting for you.

四、原因状语从句

原因状语从句，就是中文里的“因为…”。

原因状语从句的连词有很多。比如，because、as、since、for和in that都可以引导原因状语从句。其中，because语气最强（强调从句），只有它能回答why的提问，也只有它能被强调词（only、just、perhaps）修饰。for和in that语气最弱（强调主句），而且只能放在主句后面，for常常用来表示推断的理由。而在汉译英时，“由于”翻译为as，“既然”翻译为since。

• Teenagers are damaging their health because they play computer games too much.

  因为青少年们玩电脑游戏太多，他们的健康正在受损。

• As a great many people will be visiting the country, the government will be building new hotels, an immense stadium, and a new Olympic-standard swimming pool.

  由于将有大批的人到我们国家来，所以政府准备建造一些新的饭店、一个大型体育场和一个新的奥运会标准游泳池。

• I will seek to balance career and family since both are important to me.

  由于事业和家庭对我都很重要，我要努力在两者之间取得平衡。

• He had had a long and uncomfortable trip, for he had been confined to the wooden box for over ten hours.

  他经历了一次漫长而难受额旅程，因为他在那个木箱里闷了10个多个小时。

• He didn’t attend the negotiation in that he was ill.

  他因为生病，没有参加谈判。

造句练习（注：鼠标选中空白处有惊喜哦）：

• 我们将取消音乐会，因为音乐家出了意外，现在人在医院里。

  We will cancel the concert because the musician had an accident and is in the hospital.

• 由于下周一是法定假日，所有的政府机关都将休息。

  As next Monday is a national holiday, all government offices will be closed.

• 既然你是英语专业的，我猜想你能帮助我学习这个句子。

  Since you are an English major, I guess you can help me study this sentence.

• 这个问题的答案我很久都理解不透（elude me）, 也许是因为问题太简单了。

  The answer to this question eluded me for a long time, perhaps because it was so simple.

• 昨晚下雨了，因为今天早上地面是湿的。

  It ranied last night, for the ground is wet this morning.

补充：because和because of的区别是，because of是介词短语，后面只能接名词，不能接句子。类似的介词短语还有due to，in view of，thanks to，owing to等。

• Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once.

  为此，他甚至一次也没能把自己的车开进车库。

• Owing to the heavy rain, there have been many mudslides in the hill lately.

  因为大雨，最近山区发生了多起泥石流。

• Thanks to great public transportation, few people in the city need to own cars.

  因为有很好的公交系统，这个城市很少有人需要自己买车。

五、目的状语从句

目的状语从句，一般翻译为“以便于…”。

常用连词有so that、in order that和that。在目的状语从句中，常用含有情态动词。

• This time he was barking so that someone would let him out!

  这次他叫着让人把他放出去。

• This time, he managed to climb into the mouth of Kituro so that he could take photographs and measure temperatures.

  这次他设法爬进了基图罗火山口，以便能拍摄照片和测试温度。

• They has taken special precautions so that no one should recognize them.

  他们做了特别的预防措施以防别人认出他们。

• I am saving money in order that I can buy a house.

  我正在攒钱，以便我能买一所房子。

造句练习：

• 这位电影明星伪装自己，以便在人群中不被认出来。

  The moive star disguised himself so that he wouldn’t be recognized in the crowd.

• 我们应该早起以便能看到日出。

  We should wake up early in the morning in order that we can see the sun rise.

六、方式状语从句

方式状语从句表示动作的方式，在汉语中就是“就像…一样”、“以…样的方式”的意思。引导词有as、as if、as though、the way。

• When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

  入乡随俗。

• He acted as if he had never lived in England before.

  他的举动就好像他从未在英国生活过一样。

• To achieve great things we must live as though we were never going to die.

  做大事就要有永生的气概。

• You should do it the way you were taught.

  按照教你的那样去做。

翻译练习（注：鼠标选中空白处有惊喜哦）：

• 你应该像规划假期一样规划你的退休生活。

  You should plan your retirement as you plan your vacation.

• 请照我这样，读这个单词。

  Please pronounce the word the way I do.

补充：在美式英语中，可用like来代替as if、as though，但是在书面语中很少用

• He studies English very hard, like he did Chinese some years ago.

  He studies English very hard, as if he did Chinese some years ago.

  He studies English very hard, as though did Chinese some years ago.

  他非常用功地学英语，就像多年前学中文一样。

七、结果状语从句

结果状语从句，就是中文里的“如此…以至于…”。

常用的连词有：so … that …，such … that …，so that。

在so … that …句型中，so后面要接形容词或副词，或相当于形容词的分词。此外，还可以用enough取代so，但是enough要后置。

• Mrs. Sterling got so angry that she ran after them.

  斯特林夫人非常气愤，向着他们追了过去。

• My friend, Hugh, has always been fat, but things got so bad recently that he decided to go on a diet.

  我的朋友休一直很胖，但是近来情况变得越发糟糕，以致他决定节食。

• He did the work so badly that I had to do it all over again myself.

  他干的太差劲了，我只好亲自重做。

• She is old enough that she can get married.

  She is so old that she can get married.

  她已达到可结婚的年龄。

在such … that … 句型中，such后面要接名词。

• The men got such a fright that they dropped the bag and ran away.

  这两个人吓了一跳，扔下提包逃跑了。

造句练习（注：鼠标选中空白处有惊喜哦）：

• 湖面上的雾太浓，所以我们不能看到对岸。

  The fog on the lake was very thick, so we couldn’t see the other side.

• 玛丽很贴心，以至于大家都很喜欢她。

  Mary is so sweet that everyone loves her.

• 他们是很糟糕的厨师以至于没人去他们的餐厅。

  They are such terrible cooks that no one came to their restaurant.

补充：so是一个特殊的连词。

当它作连词时，是so that …的省略形式，引导的是结果状语从句。

• My brother has never been abroad before, so he is finding this trip every exciting.

  我弟弟以前从未出过国，因此，他觉得这次旅行非常激动人心。

• To make matters worse, the room is rather small, so I have temporarily put my books on the floor.

  更糟糕的是，房间非常小，所以我暂时把书放在了地板上。

当它作副词时，其引导的句子可以前面的句子分开。

• The children were at school, my husband was at work and the house was quiet. So I decided to make some meat pies.

  孩子们在上学，我丈夫在上班，家里很清静。于是我决定做写肉馅饼。

八、让步状语从句

让步状语从句，就是中文里边的“虽然…但是…”。

引导让步状语从句的副词连词有：though、although、even though、even if。其中，though、although、even tough是对事实的让步，翻译为“虽然，尽管”；even if是对假设的让步，翻译为“即使，哪怕是”。

和中文不同的是，主句前绝不可在加but，但可用yet / still。

• Though she hesitated for a moment, she finally went in and asked to see a dress that was in the window.

  她虽然犹豫了片刻，但终于还是走进了商店，要求把陈列在橱窗里的一件衣服拿给她看。

• Although the bed was smashed to pieces, the man was miraculously unhurt.

  尽管床摔成了碎片，但年轻人却奇迹地没有受伤。

• Even though it was still summer, it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold.

  即使那时仍为夏季，但雨总是下个不停，而且常常冷的厉害。

• The villagers have told him that they will not accept the pub even if he gives it away.

  村里的人已经告诉他，即使他把小酒店白送人，他们也不要。

while / whereas也可以引导让步状语从句，相当于though或although

• While winning is not everything, trying to win is everything.

  尽管获胜并不重要，但是为了获胜而努力却很重要。

• Whereas you cannot turn back the clock, you can take control of your life.

  虽然你不能使时钟倒转，但却可以掌控自己的生活。

no matter wh-（when、where、who、which、what、how）或者whenever、wherever、whoever、whichever、whatever、however也可以引导让步状语从句

• No matter where you live, you would find it difficult not to laugh at, say, Charlie Chaplin’s early films.（No matter where = wherever）

  比如说，不管你生活在哪里，你看查理·卓别林的早期电影很难不发笑。

• No matter who he is, he must obey the law.（No matter who = whoever）

  无论他是谁，都必须遵守法律。

• No matter which people criticize you, don’t let them take your focus off your dream.（No matter which = whichever）

  无论什么人批评你，都不要让他们破坏你的梦想。

• No matter what you do, do with your might.（No matter what = whatever）

  无论你做什么，要尽力。

• No matter how busy you are, he always insists on coming with you.（No matter how = however）

  不管你多忙，他总是坚持要跟你去。

• The business would be a success, whoever owned it.

  不论什么人经营，这生意都会成功。

• Whatever may happen, you must keep calm.

  不论什么事发生，你必须保持冷静。

whether也可以引导让步状语从句，表示“无论…”。一般和or或or not一起使用。

• Whether we realize it or not, each of us has the strong desire to success.

  不管我们是否意识到，我们都有成功的愿望。

• Whether we win or lose, we should respect the election result.

  无论是输还是赢，我们应该尊重选举结果。

• Whether or not he will stay, I really don’t care.

  他要走还是要留，我真的不关心。

造句练习（注：鼠标选中空白处有惊喜哦）：

• 虽然他是我兄弟，但我们长得不像。

  Though he is my brother, we don’t look alike.

• 尽管我父亲已经到了退休年龄，却打算继续工作。

  My father plans to carry on working even though he is old enough to retire.

• 尽全力去奋斗，不管是否喜欢。

  Try you best to fight, whether you enjoy it or not.

• 无论是你做还是他做，这个工作今天都得做完。

  Whether you or he do it, the work mush be finished today.

九、小结

最后，小结一下今天的内容，我们还是直接看图：