时态
在说和写英语时,时态是我们很多人的难点。今天我们最主要的就是攻克这一大难点,系统的学习一下英文中的16种时态。
一、时态的本质
时态 = tense and aspect = 时间 + 状态
1.1、时间
一般来说,时间分为三时,现在、过去、将来。比如:
- 现在时:She walks to school
- 过去时:She walked to school
- 将来时:She will walk to school
在英文中,还存在一个过去将来时,因为并不常用,我们简单了解即可。此外,需要注意的是,时态里的“现在”并不是一个固定的时间点,而是一种“常态”。比如说“他每天早上都要跑步”,这里的“每天早上”,虽然是一个个分开的时间点,但是我们还是认为这是现在时。
1.2、状态
谓语动词的状态分为四种:
- 一般(simple)态:强调动作发生的时间。比如,I play basketball,我打篮球。这里只说一般情况,并不强调是正在进行,还是已经完成等状态。
- 进行(continuous)态:强调动作的过程。比如,I am playing basketball,我正在打篮球。这里是在描绘一个动作,表达出生动性。
- 完成(perfect)态:强调动作的结果。比如,I have played basketball,我打完篮球了。这里是在强调动作已经完成了这个状态。
- 完成进行(perfect continuous)态:同时强调动作的结果和过程。比如,I have been playing basketball,我一直都有打篮球。这里不仅是在表达这个动作已经完成,而且还想描绘这个动作,并表达出生动性。
1.3、时态
在英语中,一共有16种时态。
-
一般态:
- 一般现在时:我学习
- 一般过去时:我以前学习
- 一般将来时:我将来会学习的
-
进行态:
- 现在进行时:现在我在学习
- 过去进行时:昨天我在学习
- 将来进行时:明天我在学习
-
完成态:
- 现在完成时:我已经学习了
- 过去完成时:昨天我已经学习了
- 将来完成时:明天我已经学习了
-
完成进行态:
- 现在完成进行时:我已经学习一天了,还将继续学习下去
- 过去完成进行时:昨天我已经学习一天了,还将继续学习下去
- 将来完成进行时:明天我已经学习一天了,还将继续学习下去
-
过去将来时:
- 一般过去将来时
- 过去将来进行时
- 过去将来完成时
- 过去将来完成进行时
1.4、词形
不同的时态,在词形上是不同,一般遵循如下规律:
- 一般态:动词(按时间及主语人称变化)
- 进行态:be + 现在分词(be按时间及主语人称变化)
- 完成态:have + 过去分词(have按时间及主语人称变化)
- 完成进行态:have been + 现在分词(have按时间及主语人称变化)
下面以动词do为例,看看它的16种时态:
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一般现在时:do/dose
-
一般过去时:did
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一般将来时:will do
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现在进行时:am/are/is doing
-
过去进行时:was/were doing
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将来进行时:will be doing
-
现在完成时:have/has done
-
过去完成时:had done
-
将来完成时:will have done
-
现在完成进行时:have/has been doing
-
过去完成进行时:had been doing
-
将来完成进行时:will have been doing
-
一般过去将来时:would do
-
过去将来进行时:would be doing
-
过去将来完成时:would have done
-
过去将来完成进行时:would have been doing
二、一般态
一般态,只强调动作发生的时间,不强调动作的状态。也就是说,只关心动作是发生在现在、过去还是将来,不关心这件事做得怎样。
比如,I walk to school,我走路去学校,这个句子只强调一般情况,不强调动作的状态是怎样的。而I’m walking to school,我正在去学校,强调的就是动作本身,我现在正在路上。
2.1、一般现在时
表示现在的情况或状态(主系表句型)
-
I am a doctor.
我是一个医生。
-
You are an unrepeatable miracle.
你是一个无法重复的奇迹。
表示常态,即经常性、习惯性的动作(常有表频率的时间副词修饰,如never、often、always)
-
I never get up early on Sundays. I sometimes stay in bed until lunch time.
星期天我从不早起,有时我要一直躺到吃午饭的时候。
-
Winners often seek opportunity when losers want security.
失败者寻求安全的时候,成功者寻求机遇。
-
Do you always get up so late? lt’s one o’clock!
你总是起得这么晚吗?现在已经1点钟了。
表示客观真理或格言
-
Time flies.
时光飞逝。
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The early bird catches then worm.
早起的鸟儿有虫吃。
-
Failure is the mother of success.
失败是成功之母。
2.2、一般过去时
表示过去的动作、事实、习惯
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Last Sunday I got up very late. I looked out of the window. It was dark outside.
在上个星期天,我起得很晚。我望望窗外,外面一片昏暗。
-
Last summer, I went to Italy.
去年夏天,我去了意大利。
-
Colubus discovered America in 1742.
哥伦布于1742年发现了美洲。
注:一般过去时,是英语中最常用的时态。在这样的句子中,一定会出现表示过去具体时间的副词,比如yesterday、last week、two years ago、in 1998等
2.3、一般将来时
表示将来发生的动作、状态或倾向(will译为“将要”)
-
He will soon visit Darwin. From there, he will fly to Perth.
他不久还将到达尔文去,从那里,他再飞往伯斯。
-
People will run into problems in their lives.
人们在生活中总会遇到问题。
-
A small leak will sink a great ship.
小裂缝可以沉大船。
be going to + 动词原形,也表将来时,但多表示“计划”,故其主语多是“人”
will表示“意愿”时,主语是“人”。此时可以跟be going to互换。但其也可以表示“预测”,主语为“物”
-
Debbie Hart is going to swim across the English Channel tomorrow.
黛比哈特准备明天横渡英吉利海峡。
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She is going to set out from the French coast at five o’clock in the morning.
她打算早上5点钟从法国海岸出发。
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Mr. Thompson is going to sell it because it is haunted.
汤普森先生之所以想卖它,是因为那里常闹鬼。
be about to + 动词原形,表示即将…
-
He is about to leave for Shenyang.
他将要离开去沈阳。
2.4、造句练习
注:鼠标选中空白处有惊喜哦
-
这家便利店全天24小时营业。
This convenience store is open 24 hours a day.
-
我爷爷每天早上都在公园里散步。
My grandfather takes a walk in the park every morning.
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昨天我很无聊,便跟着几个朋友看电影去了。
I felt bored yesterday, so I went to the movies with several friends.
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他明天将要去纽约。
He will go to New York tomorrow.
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看!那艘船快要沉没了。(be about to)
Look! The boat is about to sink.
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我们马上就要吃午餐了。
We are going to have lunch soon.
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太阳东升西落。
The Sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
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我每周去两次健身房。
I go to the gym twich a week.
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我昨天早上在图书馆看到他。
I saw him in the library yesterday morning.
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我准备学习计算机科学。
I am going to learn the computer science.
三、进行态
进行态,强调动作的过程,也就是所谓的描绘、生动性。
在英语中,按照动作发生时间长短,动词可分为延续性动词和瞬间动词,其中瞬间动词是没有进行态的。
比如,结婚就是一个瞬间动作,交换仪式之后,就是结婚了。所以,不能说They were marrying last week,只能说They married last week。
3.1、现在进行时
表示现在正在做的动作,此时be动词译为“正在”
-
He is playing basketball.
他正在打篮球。
-
It’s raining heavily now.
现在正在下大雨。
注:主系表句型,在口语中,通常用一般现在时,但如果要强调此时此刻的状态,可以用现在进行时。比如,Your are being very rude就要比You are very rude生动很多。
表示即将发生的动作(通常是表示“位移”的短暂性动词。比如,come、go、arrive、leave、start、begin、return、die、take),此时be动词译为“即将”
-
“A new play is coming to ‘The Globe’ soon,” I said. “Will you be seeing it?”
“一出新剧要来‘环球剧场’上演了”我说,“您去看吗?”
-
‘We are going back now,’ said the conductor.
“我们现在要返回去”售票员说。
3.2、过去进行时
表示过去某时正在进行的事情
-
A man was lying in the box during the flight.
那个航班上,有一个人正躺在箱子里。
-
I was having dinner at a restaurant when Tony Steele came in.
我正在一家饭馆吃饭,托尼斯蒂尔走了进来。
3.3、将来进行时
表示将来某时将进行的事情
-
The will be arriving here tomorrow.
他们明天就要到达此地。
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Tomorrow evening they will be singing at the Workers’ Club.
明晚他们将在工人俱乐部演出。
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The Greenwood Boys will be staying for five days.
“绿林少年”准备在此逗留5天。
-
They will be trying to keep order.
他们将设法维持秩序。
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The shuttle Endeavour will be taking the astronauts to the Hubble.
“奋进”号航天飞机将把宇航员送上哈勃。
3.4、小结
进行态,其实是一般态的生动模式。任何一个进行态的句子,都可以改成一般态。但一般态却不一定能改成进行态,只有延续动词才能改。
比如,I looked out of the window,可以改成I was looking out of the window,因为look是延续的。而I never get up leary on Sundays,不能改成I was never getting up early on Sundays,因为get up是短暂的。
3.5、造句练习
注:鼠标选中空白处有惊喜哦
-
你在桌子下面做什么?
What are you doing under the table?
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我正梦见你时,电话铃响了。(dream about)
I was dreaming about you when the telephone rang.
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明天早上这个时候,我爸爸将正在修建草坪。(mow the lawn)
My dad will be mowning the lawn at this time tomorraw morning.
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我女儿正在学习,所以你最好别去烦她。
My daugher is studing, so you’d better not bother her.
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明年这个时候我将在美国念书。
I’ll be sutding in the United States at this time next year.
四、完成态
完成态,强调动作的结果,主要看动作是否完成。
4.1、现在完成时
4.1.1、用法
表示到现在为止,已完成的动作(发生时间不明)
-
I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim.
我刚刚收到弟弟蒂姆的来信。
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He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice Springs, a small town in the centre of Australia.
他刚买了一辆澳大利亚小汽车,现在去了澳大利亚中部的小镇艾利斯斯普林斯。
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Since then, he has developed another bad habit.
从那以后,它养成了另外一种坏习惯。
-
He has gone to Shanghai.
他去了上海。
表示持续到现在的状态(或动作),而且有可能继续持续下去。动词通常是延续性动词(注,be动词是可延续的)
-
She has lived here for 10 years.
她住在这里10年了。
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He has been there for six months.
他在那儿已经住了6个月了。
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I have been to the Great Wall.
我去过长城。
4.1.2、时间副词
现在完成时常用的时间副词:
-
since + 时间点,自从…
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for + 时间段,有若干时间之久…
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so far / up to now,到目前为止…
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recently / lately,最近…
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once / twice / a few times / many times,一次 / 两次 / 几次 / 多次…
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over/during/for + the last/past + 数字 + years/months/days,过去若干年/月/日以来…
4.1.3、例句
对应上面的时间副词,我们来看一些具体的例句:
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Since then, Captain Fawcett has flown passengers to many unusual places.
从那时开始,弗西特机长已经载送乘客到过许多不寻常的地方。
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Mr. Hart has trained his daughter for years.
哈特先生训练她的女儿已经多年了。
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But so far, the public has expressed its gratitude to the students in letters to the Press.
但到目前为止,公众已经向新闻界写信表达他们对学生们的感激之情了。
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Up to now, Mr. Scott has sent a great many requests for spare parts and other urgent messages from one garage to the other.
到目前为止,斯科特先生从一个汽车修理部向另一个发送了大量索取备件的信件和其他紧急函件。
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Have you talked to Jane lately?
你最近有没有和Jane说过话?
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Jack has read the novel three times.
这本小说杰克已经看过三遍了。
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Over the last three months, oil prices have reached a record high.
过去三个月以来,油价创了历史新高。
4.1.4、易错点
尝试翻译以下几个句子:
- 他去北京3天了。
- 他结婚已经3年了。
- 他已经死了3年了。
错误的翻译:
-
He has gone to Beijing for 3 days.
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He has married for 3 years.
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He has died for 3 years.
这里的go、marry、die都是短暂动词,其后不能加时间副词,我们只能说:
- He has gone to Beijing.
- He has married.
- He has died.
想要表达出瞬间动词持续的状态,必须使用对应的主系表句型,因为系动词是可以延续的。即用主系表句型表示状态,才能加表示一段时间的状语。正确的说法是:
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He has been to Beijing for 3 days.
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He has been married for 3 years.
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He has been dead for 3 years.
此时,句子的动词是be动词,后面的to Beijing(介词短语)、married、dead(形容词)为表语。
4.2、过去完成时
表示截止到过去某时为止,已完成的动作或经验。它不能单独存在,要与另一个使用一般过去时的句子,或者表示过去的副词短语连用。had译为“已经”或“曾经”
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My old friend, Harrison, had lived in the Mediterranean for many years before he returned to England.
我的老朋友哈里森在回到英国以前曾多年居住在地中海地区。
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A short time before, great trees had covered the countryside for miles around.
就在不久之前,参天大树还覆盖方圆数英里的土地。
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By then, however, in many places the grass had already taken root.
然而到那时,很多地方的草已经生了根。
4.3、将来完成时
表示到将来某时为止,将完成或仍继续的动作或经验等。常与介词by构成的时间状语连用,表示“到…的时候”
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Workers will have completed the new roads by the end of this year.
工人们将在今年年底前把新路铺好。
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By the of next year, they will have finished work on the new stadium.
到明年年底,他们将把新体育场建成。
4.4、造句练习
注:鼠标选中空白处有惊喜哦
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彼得去过香港很多次。
People has been to HongKong many times.
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进入初中以来,我对英语很狂热。(be razy about)
I have been razy about English since I entered junior high school.
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到目前为止,我已经完成这项计划的三分之二。
So far, I have finished two third of the project.
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我最近很忙,恐怕要到下周一我才有空。
I have been very busy recently. I’m afraid that I won’t be free until next Monday.
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过去5年来,这个好孩子都尽力照顾他生病的母亲。
Over the past 5 years, the good boy has tried his best to take care of his ill mother.
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斯密斯先生搬来这里之前已经在加拿大住了20年。
Mr. Smith had lived in Canada for 20 years before he moved here.
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等到到达车站时,火车已经开走了。
By the time I got to the station, the train had left.
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玛丽昨天告诉我她很久以来一直想出国旅游。
Mary told me yesterday that she had long wanted to travel abroad.
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我很生气,因为我女朋友对我爽约了。(stand sb. up)
I was very angry because my girlfriend had stood me up again.
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明天这个时候,约翰将已经达到芝加哥了。
John will have arrived in Chicago by this time tomorrow.
五、完成进行态
完成进行态,同时强调动作的结果和过程。
动词只能是延续性动词,瞬间动词不能用在完成进行态中。
比如,我收到一封信,只能说I have received a letter,不能说I have been receiving a letter。这是因为,receive这个动词,是一瞬间完成的,不能延续,我们不可能一直不停地收同一封信。
再比如,我住在广州3年了,可以说I have lived in Guangzhou for three years,也可以说I have been living in Guangzhou for three years。这两句话意思完全相同,但第二句更加生动形象。
5.1、现在完成进行时
表示一直持续到现在,且有可能持续下去的动作。通常和表示时间段的副词连用,如for、since、all morning等
-
We have just moved into a new house and I have been working hard all morning.
我们刚刚搬进一所新房子,我辛辛苦苦地干了整整一个上午。
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If you haven’t discovered your dream, probably you’ve been missing too much.
如果你还没有发现梦想,或许一直以来你失去的太多了。
5.2、过去完成进行时
表示一直持续到过去某时,而当时仍然在继续的动作。在句中必须有表示过去的时间状语
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Firemen had been fighting the forest fire for nearly three weeks before they could get it under control.
消防队员们同那场森林大火搏斗了将近3个星期最后才把火势控制住。
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The planes had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain.
飞机播撒了近一个月后,开始下起雨来。
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Bleriot had been making planes since 1905 and this was his latest model.
布莱里奥从1905年起便开始研制飞机,这架飞机是他制作的最新型号。
5.3、将来完成进行时
表示一直持续到将来某时,且可能继续下去的动作。在句中必须有表示将来的时间状语。
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The day before his retirement, Mr. Page will have been teaching for a total of forty years.
佩奇先生退休的前一天正好是他执教满40年的日子。
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By the time you come back tonight, I will have been sleeping for five hours.
等你今晚回来时,我已经持续睡了5个小时了。
5.4、小结
任何完成进行态,都能改成完成态。但是完成态不一定能改成完成进行态,必须是延续动词才能改。
5.5、造句练习
注:鼠标选中空白处有惊喜哦
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约翰自去年起就一直学日语。他希望去日本留学。
John has been learning Japanese since last year. He expects to study in Japan in the future.
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Lulu的车子抛锚时,她已经持续开了8个小时了。
By the time her car broke down, Lulu had been driving for 8 hours.
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到今年年底,王老师教英语有10年了。
Mr. Wang will have been teaching English for 10 years by the end of this year.
六、过去将来时
过去将来时,是指从过去某一时刻看,以后要发生的动作或状态。多用于叙述性故事和间接引语中,比较少见,不是很常用。
6.1、一般态
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A few hours earlier, someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds.
数小时之前,有人向警方报告,说有人企图偷走这些钻石。
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Then he smiled and told me I would receive an extra thousand pounds a year!
然后他微笑了一下告诉我说,我每年将得到1,000英镑的额外收入。
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He said that it would be possible to build a platform in the centry of the Channel.
他说,可以在隧道中央建造一座平台。
6.2、进行态
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She said she would be setting off on the 10 o’clock train.
她说她将乘10点钟的火车走。
6.3、完成态
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I guessed that Helen would have told her something.
我猜海伦会告诉她一些情况。
6.4、完成进行态
-
He told me that by the end of the year he would have been living there for thirty years.
他告诉我到今年末他已经住在那儿30年了。
6.5、造句练习
注:鼠标选中空白处有惊喜哦
-
在信中她说她明年将到英国来。
In her letter, she said that she would come to England next year.
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他问我明天上午10点我将干什么。
He asked me what I would be doing at 10 a.m. the next day.
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他告诉我们他会在8点以前干完工作。
He told us he would have finished the work by 8 o’clock.
七、小结
最后,小结一下今天的内容吧,我们还是直接看图: