语态
在前面的文章中,我们详细讲解了英语中的16种时态,今天我们来看下一个知识点,语态。
一、语态
英语中语态有两种,主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。比如,我打他,是主动语态,我是打这个动作的执行者;而他被我打了,是被动语态,他是打这个动作的承受者。
只有及物动词才有被动语态,不及物动词没有被动语态。而判断一个动词是否为及物动词,最好的方法是查字典,标有vt字样的动词就是及物动词,标有vi字样的动词就是不及物动词。
及物动词后面要加宾语,因此既有主动语态,又有被动语态。比如,动词eat就是一个及物动词。
- 主动语态:I eat meat.
- 被动语态:the meat is eaten by me.
不及动词后面不可以加宾语,因此没有被动语态。比如,动词apper就是一个不及物动词。
- 主动语态:I appear.
二、主动语态变成被动语态的方式
在将主动语态变成被动语态时,有以下几个要点:
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原句的宾语作主语
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be动词(根据16种时态变化) + 过去分词
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原句的主语省略(如果保留主语,需要在主语前面加上介词by作状语)
比如,I eat meat,它的被动语态是,the meat is eaten或者the meat is eaten by me。
三、被动语态的时态
注:被动语态,其实是一种特殊的主系表句型,即主语 + be动词 + 过分分词,在这里过去分词作表语。
3.1、一般态:be动词 + 过去分词
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Our clavichord is kept in the living-room.(一般现在时)
Someone keep our clavichord in the living-room.
我们的这架古钢琴放在起居室里。
在这句话中,clavichord是主语,is是系动词,kept是表语,in the living-room是状语。
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The instrument was bought by my grandfather many years ago.(一般过去时)
My grandfather bought the instrument many years ago.
这件乐器是我祖父在很多年以前买的。
在这句话中,instrument是主语,was是系动词,bought是表语,by my grandfather和many years ago是状语。
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The Olympic Games will be held in our country in four year’s time.(一般将来时)
The government will hold the Olympic Games in our country in four year’s time.
4年以后,奥林匹克运动会将在我们国家举行。
在这句话中,Games是主语,will be是系动词,held是表语,in our country和in four year’s time是状语。
注:当被动语态中出现情态动词时,用法同will。比如:
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The work must be finished in one way or another.
这件事必须设法做好。
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This passage may be given several interpretations.
这段文字可以有不同的解释。
3.2、进行态:be动词 + being + 过去分词
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It is being repaired by a friend of my father’s.(现在进行时)
A friend of my father’s is repairing it.
父亲的一个朋友正在修理它。
在这句话中,it是主语,is being是系动词,repaired是表语。
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I was being tested for a driving licence for the third time.(过去进行时)
Somebody was testing me for a driving licence for the third time.
我第3次接受驾驶执照考试。
在这句话中,I是主语,was being 是系动词,tested是表语。
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He will be being examined when we get there.(将来进行时)
Somebody will be examming him when we get there.
当我们到那儿时,他将在被检查。
在这句话中,He是主语,will be being是系动词,examined是表语。
3.3、完成态:have/has/had + been + 过去分词
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The fantastic modern buildings have been designed by Kurt Gunter.(现在完成时)
Kurt Gunter has designed the fantastic modern buildings.
这些巨大的现代化建筑是由库尔特·刚特设计的。
在这句话中,buildings是主语,have been是系动词,designed是表语。
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I had been asked to drive in heavy traffic.(过去完成时)
Somebody had asked me to drive in heavy traffic.
我按照要求在车辆拥挤的路上驾驶。
在这句话中,I是主语,had been是系动词,asked是表语。
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Your character will have been completed by the time your life comes to an end.(将来完成时)
It will have completed your character by the time your list comes to an end.
当生命走到尽头的时候,你的人格才变得完全。
在这句话中,character是主语,will have been是系动词,completed是表语。
四、被动语态的使用场景
使用被动语态的场景主要有以下两个:
- 为了突出受动者,即主动语态中的宾语
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A hero is distinguished in difficult circumstances.
困境之中显英雄。
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A liar is not believed when he tells the truth.
撒谎的人讲真理也没人相信。
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- 施动者(主动语态的主语)不明确或不必指明时
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Then in 1989, twenty-six years after the crash, the plane was accidentally rediscovered in an aerial survey of the island.
于是,到了1989年,飞机失事26年后,在对小岛的一次航空勘查中那架飞机被意外地发现了。
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Once a year, a race is held for old cars.
旧式汽车的比赛每年举行一次。
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五、造句练习
注:鼠标选中空白处有惊喜哦
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欧元在大部分欧洲国家都被使用。
The euro is uesd in most European countries.
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这些电脑是在台湾制造的。
These computers were manufactured in Taiwan.
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2012年的奥运会将在伦敦举行。
The 2012 Olypic Games will be held in London.
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一名应聘者正被我们的人事经理面试着。
An applicant is being interviewed by our personnel manager.
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那栋旧大楼已被拆除(tear down)。
The old building has been torn down.
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我们办公室的房间都是每天打扫的。
Our office rooms are cleanead up every day.
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汤姆昨天被一只狗咬到,所幸无大碍。
Tom was bitten by a dog yersterday. Fortunately, it was nothing seriuos.
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因为经济不景气(the economic recession),大约5000名员工将被裁员(lay off)。
Because of the economic recession, about 5,000 employees will be laid off.
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六个人被困在矿井里已有17个小时了。
Six mem have been trapped in a mine for serventeen hours.
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这场地震结束的时候有多少建筑被毁坏了?
How many buildings had been destroyed when the earthquake ended?
六、小结
最后,小结一下今天的内容吧,我们还是直接看图: