分词短语

非谓语动词，是指句子中不是谓语的动词，它由动词变化而来，主要有三种，分词、动名词和不定式。今天我们主要来看第一种，分词。

一、分词短语

分词，指的是动词的另外两种形式，现在分词和过去分词。比如，eat这个动词，它的现在分词是eating，它的过去分词是ate。而我们常说的分词短语，则主要是指现在分词，也就是动词的ing形态。

分词短语，是指在现在分词的后面加上名词或介词短语，它其实是一个简化的句子。

1.1、并列句的简化

1.1.1、并列句

并列句实质上就是两个简单句放在一起，并无主次之分。比如：

• We are sitting by the sea.
• We can see the beautiful sunrise.

如果将这两个句子，放在一起，形成并列句，那就是：

• We are sitting by the sea and we can see the beautiful sunrise.

注：这里的连词and绝对不能换成逗号。

1.1.2、如何化简并列句

化简并列句时，通常简化哪一个单句呢？

要强调哪个句子，就把哪个句子作为主句，另一个不重要的，则化简为分词短语。比如，

• 如果认为前面的句子不重要，上节中的并列句化简后的结果是：

  Sitting by the sea, we can see the beautiful sunrise.

• 如果认为后面的句子不重要，上节中的并列句化简后的结果是：

  We are sitting by the sea seeing the beautiful sunrise.

并列句变成的分词短语，我们称之为“伴随状语”。如果分词短语在主句前，一定要加上逗号；如果分词短语在主句后，逗号可要可不要。

1.1.3、化简规则

当两句主语相同时，被化简句子的主语要删除，而当两句主语不同时，被化简句子的主语要保留。

比如，“He glanced at her scornfully and he told her that the dress was sold.”是一个并列句，两个分句的主语都是he，所以可以将其中任意一个分句，化简为分词短语。

• Glancing at her scornfully, he told her that the dress was sold.
• He glanced at her scornfully telling her that the dress was sold.

再比如，“We tried three new meals and the tastiest meal was the Thai dish.”也是一个并列句，第一个分句的主语是We，第二个分句的主语是the tastiest meal。此时两个分句的主语不同，所以都要保留下来。

• We trying three new meals, the tastiest meal was Thai dish.
• We tried three new meals, the tastiest meal being Thai dish.

如果被化简句子的动词是be动词（主系表句型，或被动语态），此时be动词化简为being，而且可以将being省略。

• She is a pop fan and she likes Jay Chou most.
• Being a pop fan, she likes Jay Chou most.
• A pop fan, she likes Jay Chou most.

需要注意的是，在进行时态中，be动词不是系动词，而是助动词，不能简化成being。比如，

• He was playing basketball and he had a good time.

在这个句子中，前面分句的动词是play，而不是was。所以只能改成

• Playing basketball, he had a good time.

1.1.4、例句

• Following in his father’s footsteps many years later, Donald, also set up a world record.

  Donald followed in his father’s footsteps many years later and Donald also set up a world record.

  很多年之后，马尔科姆爵士的儿子唐纳德踏着父亲的足迹，也创造了一项世界纪录。

• Working rapidly in the darkness, he soon changed into the dead man’s clothes.

  He worked rapidly in the darkness and he soon changed into the dead man’s clothes.

  他在黑暗中忙活了一阵儿，很快就换上了死者的衣服。

• The Channel Tunnel was officially opened on March 7, 1994, finally connecting Britain to the European continent.

  The Channel Tunnel was officially opened on March 7, 1994 and The Channel Tunnel finally connected Britain to the European continent.

  英法海底隧道于1994年3月7日正式开通，将英国与欧洲大陆连到了一起。

• When it grew dark, she turned a suitcase into a bed and put the children inside it, covering them with all the clothes she could find.

  When it grew dark, she turned a suitcase into a bed and put the children inside it and she covered them with all the clothes she could find.

  天黑下来的时候，她把提箱当作小床，把两个孩子放了进去，又把所有能找到的衣服都盖在孩子们身上。

• Thousands of lanterns slowly drift out to sea guiding the dead on their return journey to the other world.

  Thousands of lanterns slowly drift out to sea and guide the dead on their return journey to the other world.

  成千上万只灯笼慢慢飘向大海，指引着亡灵返回另一个世界。

• This is a moving spectacle, for crowds of people stand on the shore watching the lanterns drifting away until they can be seen no more.

  This is a moving spectacle, for crowds of people stand on the shore and watch the lanterns drifting away until they can be seen no more.

  这是一个感人的场面，人们成群地伫立在海岸上，注视着灯笼远去，直到再也看不见为止。

• Sensitive to criticism, the bull forgot all about the matador and charged at the drunk.

  The bull was sensitive to criticism and the bull forgot all about the matador and charged at the drunk.

  Being sensitive to criticism and the bull forgot all about the matador and charged at the drunk.

  这头公牛对批评很敏感，它忘了斗牛士，冲向了酒鬼。

• Now, dressed in a blue uniform and with a rifle over his shoulder, the prisoner marched boldly up and down in front of the camp.

  Now, the prisoner was dressed in a blue uniform and with a rifle over his shoulder, the prisoner marched boldly up and down in front of the camp.

  Now, being dressed in a blue uniform and with a rifle over his shoulder, the prisoner marched boldly up and down in front of the camp.

  现在他身穿蓝军装，肩抗步枪，在军营门前大胆地来回走看。

1.1.5、造句练习

分别用并列句和分词短语造句（注：鼠标选中空白处有惊喜哦）：

• 日本发生强烈地震，造成重大伤亡（heavy losses）。

  A strong earthquake took place in Japan and caused heavy losses.

  A strong earthquake took place in Japan causing heavy losses.

• 然后他跳进车里，以最快的速度把车开走了（drive off）。

  Then, he jumped into the car and drove off as quickly as he could.

  Then, jumping into the car, he drove off as quickly as he cloud.

• 这位女演员很开心能演这个角色，于是答应主演这部电影。

  The actress was happy to play the role and accepted the offer to star in the film.

  (Being) happy to play the role, the actress accepted the offer to star in the film.

• 然后，她拿着画板走进我的房间，同时唱着流行歌曲。

  Then she marched into my room with her drawing board and sang a popular song.

  Then she marched into my room with her drawing board, singing a popular song.

• 我环视了一下身旁，惊奇地发现车里就只剩我一个乘客了。

  I looked round and realized with a shock that I was the only passenger left on the bus.

  Looing round, I realized with a shock that I was the only passenger left on the bus.

1.2、状语从句的简化

在时间、原因、目的、方式、结果、让步、条件等状语从句中，当从句的主语与主句的主语相同时，从句可化简为现在分词短语（being可省略）。

• Hearing the joke, we burst out laughing.（时间状语从句）

  When we hard the joke, we burst out laughing.

  听到这个笑话，我们大笑起来。

• Not realizing who she was, the assistant was eager to serve her this time.（原因状语从句）

  Because the assistant didn’t realize who she was, the assistant eager to serve her this time.

  那个售货员没有认出她是谁，这一回接待她的态度非常殷勤。

  注：否定分词结构，not要放在分词前面

• Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man in Teheran saved up for years to buy a real bed.（原因状语从句）

  Because he was tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man in Teheran saved up for years to bus a real bed.
  德黑兰的一个年轻人由于对睡地板感到厌倦，于是积蓄多年买了一张真正的床。

• Not wanting to frighten the poor man, Mrs. Richards quickly hid in the small storeroom under the stairs.（原因状语从句）

  Because Mrs. Richards didn’t want to frighten the poor man, she quickly hid in the small storeroom under the stairs.

  理查兹夫人不想吓到这个可伶的人，便赶紧躲到了楼梯下的小储藏室里。

• It rained for two weeks on end, completely ruining our holiday.（结果状语从句）

  It rained for two weeks on end, so that it completely ruined our holiday.

  我们假期的最后两个星期都在下雨，把我们的假期全毁了。

• She tried to explain the situation, saying ‘It’s only me’, but it was too late.（结果状语从句）

  She tried to explain the situation, so that she said ‘It’s only me’, but it was too late.

  她试图解释现在的情况，于是说“是我，别怕”，但是太迟了。

• The Titanic turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense wall of ice which rose over 100 feet out of the water beside her.（结果状语从句）

  The Titanic turned just in time, so that it missed the immense wall of ice which rose over 100 feet out of the water beside her.

  “泰坦尼克”拐弯很及时，紧贴着高出海面100英尺的巨大的冰墙插过去。

• Her first impulse was to go round all the rooms looking for the thieves.（结果状语从句）

  Her first impulse was to go round all the rooms, so that she can look for the thieves.

  她的第一冲动是走遍所有房间，去寻找小偷。

• Your time is limited, so don’t waste it living someone else’s life. Don’t let the noise of other’s opinions drown out your own inner voice.（目的状语从句）

  Your time is limited, so don’t waste it so that you can live someone else’s life. Don’t let the noise of other’s opinions drown out your own inner voice.

  你的时间有限，所以不要浪费时间去过别人的生活。不要让别人的意见淹没了你内心的声音。

• I bound the base of the tree with sticky tape, making it impossible for the ants to reach the aphides.（目的状语从句）

  I bound the base of the tree with sticky tape, so that I could make it impossible for the ants to reach the aphides.

  我用一条胶带把桃树底部包上，不让蚂蚁接近蛀虫。

• I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me.（方式状语从句）

  I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came the way he ran to wards me.

  我穿过马路以便避开他，但他看到我并朝我跑过来。

• He and his staff began throwing furniture out of the window. Chairs and tables went flying into the arcade.（方式状语从句）

  He and his staff began throwing furniture out of the window. Chairs and tables went the way they flew into the arcade.

  他与店员动手向窗外投掷家具，椅子和桌子飞落到拱廊街上。

• He had a very sad look on his face. He walked looking only at the ground.（方式状语从句）

  He had a very sad look on his face. He walked the way he looked only at the ground.

  他的脸色看起来非常悲伤。他走路时只看着地面。

• Every morning, he left home dressed in a smart black suit.（方式状语从句）

  Every morning, he left home the way he was dressed in a smart black suit.

  每天早晨，他穿上一身漂亮的黑色西装离家上班。

• She enjoyed herself making the assistant bring almost everything in the window before finally buying the dress she had first asked for.（方式状语从句）

  She enjoyed herself the way she made the assistant bring almost everything in the window before finally buying the dress she had first asked for.

  她开心地迫使那位售货员把橱窗里几乎所有的东西都拿了出来，最后才买下了她最先要看的那一件。

• Mocked at by everybody, he had my sympathy.（让步状语从句）

  Though he was mocked at by everybody, he had my sympathy.

  尽管大家嘲笑他，但是我很同情他。

when、while、after、before、for、once、if、unless、though这些副词连词引导的状语从句，在化简为分词短语时，可以保留这些副词连词。其中，before和after不能省略。

• They have all been put to shame by a boy who, while playing truant, traveled 1,600 miles.（时间状语从句）

  They have all been put to shame by a boy who, while he played truant, traveled 1,600 miles.

  有那么一个小男孩，他在逃学期间旅行了1,600英里，从而是上述所有逃学的孩子们都相形见绌了。

• Even the bull seemed to feel sorry for him, for it looked on sympathetically until the drunk was out of the way before once more turning its attention to the matador.（时间状语从句）

  Even the bull seemed to feel sorry for him, for it looked on sympathetically until the drunk was out of the way before it once more turned its attention to the matador.

  好像连牛也在为他感到遗憾，因为它一直同情地看着醉汉，直到他的背影消逝，才重新将注意力转向斗牛士。

• He was sent to prison for failing to pay his debts and died in poverty in 1836.（原因状语从句）

  He was sent to prison for he failed to pay his debts and died in poverty in 1836.

  他因无力还债而被捕入狱，最后于1836年在贫困中死去。

• It is important that I do not despair when faced with difficulties.（时间状语从句）

  It is important that I do not despair when I am faced with difficulties.

  重要的是，当我面对困难的时候我不会绝望。

• Though a little suspicious this time, the policeman gave him the same answer.（让步状语从句）

  Though the policeman was a little suspicious this time, the policeman gave him the same answer.

  虽然那位警察这次有点疑心，但还是对他作了同样的回答。

造句练习（分别用状语从句和分词短语造句）：

注：鼠标选中空白处有惊喜哦

• 我没事做， 所以感到很无聊。

  Because I have nothing to do, I felt bored.
  Having nothing to do, I felt bored.

• 你尚未满18岁，不能在便利店购买烟和酒。

  Because you are not eighteen years old yet, you can’t but cigarettes or wine at a convenience store.
  Not (being) eighteen years old yet, you can’t buy cigarettes or wine at a convenience store.

• 因为不满意工资，很多工人罢工了。

  Because they are not satisfied with their wages, many workers went on strike.
  Not (being) statisfied with their wages, many workers went on strike.

• 除非收到邀请，否则你不可以参加明晚的聚会。

  Unless you are invited, you may not attend the party tomorrow night.
  Unless (being) invited, you may not attend the party tomorrow night.

• 虽然我们都知道真相，却保持沉默。

  Although we all know the truth, we remain silent.
  Although knowing the truth, we all remain silent.

• 那位渔民意识到这不是一条普通的鱼，于是千方百计不让它受到丝毫伤害。

  Because the fisherman realized that this was no ordinary fish, he made every effort not to damange it in any way.
  Realizing that this was no ordinary fish, the fisherman made every effort not to damage it in any way.

• 当地的屠户Sam Benton在把存款送往邮局的途中把钱包丢了。

  Sam Benton, the local butcher, had lost his wallet while he was taking his savings to the post-office.
  Sam Benton, the local butcher, had lost his wallet while taking his savings to the post-office.

• 尽管查尔斯不懂汉语，但是还是能够和我们交流。

  Though he didn’t understand Chinese, Charles was able to communicate with us.
  Though not understanding Chinese, Charles was able to communicate with us.

• 这部电影深刻解释了东西方文化的差异，结果引起了美国观众的强烈反响。

  The film exposes cultural differences between the East and the West, so that it aroused tremendous response in American audiences.
  The film exposes cultural differences between the East and the West, arousing tremendous response in American audiences.

• 听到这个消息时，他们都高兴得跳了起来。

  When they heard the news, they all jumped with joy.
  Hearing the news, the all jumped with joy.

1.3、定语从句的简化

在定语从句中，关系代词作主语时，从句可化简为现在分词短语。法则是：删除关系代词，其后动词变成现在分词。

• Some children were playing games on the bank and there were some people rowing on the river.

  Some children were playing games on the bank and there were some people who rowed on the river.

  河岸上有些孩子正在玩耍，河面上有些人正在划船。

• Built in 1885, it was the oldest car taking part.

  Built in 1885, it was the oldest car which took part.

  该车造于1885年，是参赛车中最老的一辆。

• I had all the usual symptoms of someone giving up smoking: a bad temper and an enormous appetite.

  I had all the usual symptoms of someone who give up smoking: a bad temper and an enormous appetite.

  我具备了戒烟者通常表现出来的所有症状：脾气暴躁和食欲旺盛。

• On a recent blog, Mr. Belinda wrote about VOA’s rules demanding accuracy and objectivity.

  On a recent blog, Mr. Belinda wrote about VOA’s rules which demand accuracy and objectivity.

  最近的一篇博客中，贝林达先生写了关于VOA要求客观性和准确性的规则。

如果定语从句是被动语态，或者主系表句型，be动词变成being后，可省略。

• The ‘taxi’ is a small Swiss aeroplance called a ‘Pilatus Porter’.

  The ‘taxi’ is a small Swiss aeroplance which is called a ‘Pilatus Porter’.

  这辆“出租汽车”是一架小型瑞士飞机，叫“皮勒特斯·波特”号。

• Looking round, I realized with a shock that I was the only passenger left on the bus.

  Looking round, I realized with a shock that I was the only passenger who was left on the bus.

  我环视了一下身旁，惊奇地发现车里就只剩我一个乘客了。

• Like this father, he was driving a car called Bluebird.

  Like this father, he was driving a car which is called Bluebird.

  同他父亲一样，他也驾驶者一辆名叫“蓝鸟”的汽车。

• After reading an article entitled ‘Cigarette Smoking and Your Health’ I lit a cigarette to calm my nerves.

  After reading an article which is entitled ‘Cigarette Smoking and Your Health’ I lit a cigarette to calm my nerves.

  读完一篇题为《吸烟与健康》的文章之后，我点上了一支香烟，来镇定一下自己紧张的神经。

• I know an actor suitable for the part.

  I know an actor who is suitable for the part.

  我认知一个适合扮演这个角色的演员。

造句练习（分别用定语从句和分词短语造句）：

注：鼠标选中空白处有惊喜哦

• 乔治打开一个装着所有运动器材的大箱子。

  George opened a big box which contained all of his sports equipment.

  George opened a big box containing all of his sports equipment.

• 房主把贵重物品放在（keep）墙里边藏着的一个保险箱里。

  The owner of the house keeps his valuables in a safe which is hidden in the wall.
  The owner of the house keeps his valuables in a safe hidden in the wall.

• 那边那位正在同约翰说话的高个子男人是我的爸爸。

  The tall man who is talking to John over there is my fahter.
  The tall man talking to John over there is my father.

二、分词短语的逻辑主语

当分词短语的主语和主句主语不相同时，分词短语的主语必须保留。此时，所形成的分词结构，称为分词的独立主格结构。

• Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed.（句子的主语是the meeting，分词短语的主语是Nobody）

  谁都无话可说，会议就结束了。

• The village seemed deserted, the only sign of life being an ugly-looking black goat tied to a tree on a short length of rope in a field nearby.（句子的主语是The village，分词短语的主语是sign）

  村里似乎无人居住，唯一的生命迹象是附近田里一只面目可憎的黑山羊，用一截短绳栓在树上。

• Because our 3D television installed, the whole family went into the living room.（注：installed前面省略了being。句子的主语是the whole family，分词短语的主语是television）

  Because our 3D television was installed, the whole family went into the living room.

  Because our 3D television being installed, the whole family went into the living room.

  因为我们的3D电视安装好了，全家人都进了客厅。

独立主格结构也可由with引导，用于表示原因、伴随状况或补充说明、具体举例等。

• It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or killed.

  It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, so that the sharks were driven away or killed.（so that引导的结果状语从句）

  双方可能随之发生搏斗，搏斗的结果是海豚赶走或咬死鲨鱼。

• A car roared past, with smoke pouring from the exhaust.

  A car roared past, the way smoke poured from the exhaust.（the way引导的方式状语从句）

  一辆小汽车呼啸而过，排气管冒出了一团团黑烟。

• The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.

  The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, roared down the arcade, the way its headlights on and its born blared.（the way引导的方式状语从句）

  宁静突然被打破，一辆大轿车亮着前灯，响着喇叭，呼啸着冲进了拱廊街。

在独立主格结构中，当分词为being的时候，可以省略，形成with的复合结构。

• Last year, we were traveling across the Channel and Jane put a piece of paper with her name and address on it into a bottle.（her name and address后面省略了分词being，整个独立主格结构作定语修饰paper）

  Last year, we were traveling across the Channel and Jane put a piece of paper with her name and address being on it into a bottle.

  去年，我我们横渡英吉利海峡时，简把写有她姓名和住址的一张纸条装进了一只瓶子。

• In the struggle, the strap broke and, with the bag in their possession, both men started running through the trees.（the bag后面省略了分词being，整个独立主格结构作原因状语）

  In the struggle, the strap broke and, because the bag was in their possession, both men started running through the trees.

  In the struggle, the strap broke and, with the bag being in their possession, both men started running through the trees.

  在争抢中，手提包的带断了，包落入这两个人手里，他们拔腿跑进了树林。

• She returned to the shop the following morning dressed in a fur coat, with a handbag in one hand and a long umbrella in the other.（handbag和umbrella后面均省略了分词being，整个独立主格结构作伴随状语）

  She returned to the shop the following morning dressed in a fur coat, with a handbag being in one hand and a long umbrella being in the other.

  第二天上午，她又来到这家商店，穿了一件裘皮大衣，一只手拎着一只手提包，另一只手拿着一把长柄伞。

• I sat down on one of those modern chairs with holes in it and waited.（holes后面省略了分词being，整个独立主格结构作定语，修饰chairs）

  I sat down on one of those modern chairs which had holes in it.

  I sat down on one of those modern chairs with holes being in it and waited.

  我坐在一个新式的满是网眼儿的椅子上，等待着。

• At that moment, a large black car with four officers inside it, stopped at the camp gates.

  At that moment, a large black car, stopped at the camp gates and four officers inside it.

  At that moment, a large black car with four officers being inside it, stopped at the camp gates.

  正在此时，一辆黑色大轿车在军营门口停了下来。里面做了4个军官。

并列句简化为独立主格时，和普通分词短语一样，重要的分句作主句，次要的作为独立主格。比如，

• He came in and carried a book

  可以简化为分词短语

  He came in carrying a book

  也可以简化为独立主格

  He came in with a book (being) in his hand.

下列几个独立主格结构已经形成了固定用法（前面的主语we省略了）

• Frankly speaking（坦白说）

  Frankly speaking, it is difficult for me to understand what he is saying.

  We speak frankly, it is difficult for me to understand what he is saying.

  坦白地说，理解他正在说的事情时很困难的。

• Broadly speaking（泛泛地说）

  Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes.

  We speak broadly and human beings may be divided into three classes.

  泛泛地说，人可以分为3类。

• Judging from（由…看来）

  Judging from her accent, she mush be from the North.

  We judges from her accent, and she must be from the North.

  从她的口音判断，她一定是北方人。

• Speaking of（说道）

  Speaking of his lover, his eyes sparkled.

  When he was speaking of his lover, his eyes sparkled.

  谈到他的情人时，他的双眼闪烁着光芒。

• Considering（考虑到）

  Considering her age, the girl’s letter is very well put together.

  Because we considered her age, the girl’s letter is very well put together.

造句练习（注：鼠标选中空白处有惊喜哦）：

• 由于房间很小，我们得站得非常靠近。

  Because the room is so small, we have to stand very close togehter.

  The room being so small, we have to stand very close together.

• 我们昨天吃了三顿饭，最好吃的是泰国料理。

  We had three meals yestarday and the tastiest was the Thai dish.

  We had three meals yestarday, the tastiest being the Thai dish.

• 这个男孩经常逃学，他爸爸很生气。

  The boy often play truant from school and his father get angry.

  The boy often playing truant from shcool, his father gets angry.

• 宁静突然被打破，一个凶恶的家伙（tough guy）瞪着眼睛拿着枪，闯进了（break into）银行。

  The silence was suddenly broken, when a tough guy whose eyes glared and who took a gun, broke into the bank.

  The silence was sudeenly broken, when a tough guy, with his eyes glaring and gun (being) in his hand, broke into the bank.

三、分词短语的时态和语态变化

不管简化前的句子是什么时态，简化为分词短语时都是V-ing形式。也就是说，不管简化之前的句子是什么“时”，简化之后，通通不考虑其“时”，而只考虑其“态”。

分词短语没有“时”，只有两种“态”，即一般态和完成态。另外，定语从句简化为分词短语以后，是绝对不能用完成态的，绝对没有分词的完成态作定语的情况。

以动词do为例：

• 一般态，主动语态为doing，被动语态为being done
• 完成态，主动语态为having done，被动语态为having been done

我们看下面两句话：

• Singing a song, he sat down.（唱歌的时候，他就坐下了。）
• Having sung a song, he sat down.（唱完歌以后，他坐下了。）

在第一句话中，分词是一般态，表示“唱歌”这个动作和“坐下”这个动作是同时发生的。在第二句话中，分词是完成态，表示“唱歌”这个动作先发生。

构成分词短语的动词，不管是延续动词，还是非延续动词，简化成完成态以后都是having done。分词是没有进行态和完成进行态的。

• Having watered the garden, he began to mow the lawn.

  浇完花园以后，他开始修剪草坪。

• Not having done his homework, the boy went outside to play.

  虽然这个男孩没有写完作业，他还是跑出去玩。

• Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up.

  被狗咬了两次以后，这个邮递员拒绝给我们送信，除非我们把狗锁起来。

造句练习（注：鼠标选中空白处有惊喜哦）：

• 已经失败了3次，他不想再尝试了。

  Because he has failed three times, he didn’t want to try again.
  Having failed three times, he didn’t want to try again.

• 因为在飓风中失去了他的货物，这个船长到达港口以后面临破产（bankruptcy）。

  Because he had lost his cargo in a hurricane, the captain faced bankruptcy after his vessel reached port.
  Having lost his cargo in a hurricane, the captain faced bankruptcy after his vessel reached port.

• 接到关于地震的警告，他把小孩留在了学校。

  He have been warned about the earthquake, he left his child in school.
  Haveing been warned about the earthquake, he left his child in school.

四、小结

最后，小结一下今天的内容吧，我们还是直接看图：