动名词短语

在前面我们已经讲解了第一种非谓语动词，分词。今天我们继续来看第二种非谓语动词，动名词。

一、动名词短语

所谓动名词，就是动词的ing形式。在句子中我们常称之为动名词短语。

动名词短语，相当于名词从句中that从句的简化。任何一个that从句，都可以用动名词短语代替。

动名词具有名词的性质。名词能作什么，动名词就能作什么。比如，

• Many people pretend that they understand modern art.

在这句话中，宾语从句可以改为动名词短语。

• Many people pretend understanding modern art.

在改成动名词短语后，动名词的逻辑主语可以很清楚的看出就是people。

1.1、动名词作主语

动名词具有名词的性质，在没有特指是谁发出这个动作的情况下，可以不考虑其逻辑主语。因为在语境中一眼就能看出是谁发出的动作。

• Working 12 hours a day exhausts me completely.

  That I work 12 hours a day exhausts me completely.

  每天工作12小时让我筋疲力尽。

• Playing football is my favorite sport.

  That I play football is my favorite sport.

  踢足球是我最喜欢的运动。

动名词作主语时，和名词从句一样，也可用形式主语It取代，然后将动名词放在句子主干之后（尤其是动名词短语比较长时）。但只有在it is no use结构中，真正的主语仍为动名词。在其它结构中，真正的主语是不定式短语。

• It was no use pretending that I had not seen him, so I waved to him.

  Pretending that I had not seen him was no use, so I waved to him.

  That I pretend that I had not seen him was no use, so I waved to him.

  若再装作没看见他已是没有用了，我只好向他招手。

动名词短语作主语时，一律视为第三人称单数。但当and连接两个动名词短语作主语时，视为复数。

• Singing with you guys is a lot of fun.

  和你们一伙人唱歌很有趣。

• Learning English and listening to music are my hobbies.

  学英语和唱歌是我的爱好。

造句练习（注：鼠标选中空白处有惊喜哦）：

• 慢跑是保持健康的好方法。

  Jogging is a good way to stay health/fit.
  That you jog is a good way to say health/fit.

• 与你共事一直以来都是越快的经历。（用完成进行态）

  Working with you has been a pleasant experience.
  It has been a pleasant experience to work with you.

• 说是一回事，做又是另一回事。

  Saying is one thing, doing is another.
  That you say is noe thing, that you do is another.

• 出国旅游有助于增长你的见识。

  Travelling abroad helps broaden your horizons.
  That your Travel abroad helps broaden your horizons.

• 做家务和照顾我们的小孩是我老婆每天做的事。

  Doing the housework and taking care of our children are what my wife does every day.
  It’s what my wife does every day to do the housework and take care of our children.

• 学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。

  Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous.
  That you learn without that you think is useless, That you think without that you learn is dangerous.

• 相信自己是成功的秘诀！

  Believing in yourself is the secret of success.
  That you believe in yourself is the secret of success.

• 拥有知己本身就是一种幸福。

  Having intimate friends is happiness in itself.

• 取胜并不重要，但努力去赢得胜利却是重要的。

  Winning is not everything, but trying to win is everything.

• 拥有目标是一种幸福的状态。

  Having a goal is a state of happniess.

• 牛奶已撒，哭也没用。

  It is no use crying over spilt milk.

• 光学习不实践是没用的。

  It is no use learning without practice.

• 从事自己喜欢的事情没用，你必须喜欢自己从事的事情。

  It is no use doing what you like, you have got to like what you do.

1.2、动名词作宾语

作及物动词的宾语

• I love traveling in the country, but I don’t like losing my way.

  I love that I travel in the country, but I don’t like that I lose my way.

  我喜欢在乡间旅行，但是不喜欢迷路。

• Losers avoid becoming self-responsible.

  Losers avoid that they become self-responsible.

  失败者逃避为自己负责。

作介词的宾语

• My friends kept on offering me cigarettes and cigars.（on和后面的动名词短语一起，作kept的宾语）

  My friends kept on that they offer me cigarettes and cigars.

  我的朋友们不断地向我递香烟和雪茄。

• Some children can cover the whole length of the pool without coming up for breath even once.

  Some children can cover the whole length of the pool without that they come up for breath even once.

  有些孩子能够跑完游泳池的全长而不用露出水面换气。

以下动词，其后只能用动名词作宾语，而不能用不定式。

• 懂得欣赏 克制想象。“懂得”即understand，“欣赏”即appreciate（该词还可作“感激”之意解），“克制”即deny（该词也可作“否认”、“拒绝”之意），“想象”即imagine。
• 喜欢实践 逃避抵抗。“喜欢”即enjoy，“实践”即practice，“逃避”即avoid/escape，“抵抗”即resist。
• 介意打扰 讨厌原谅。“介意”即mind，“打扰”即excuse，“讨厌”即dislike/hate，“原谅”即pardon。
• 支持建议 推迟考虑。“支持”即favor（该词也可作“赞成”，“宠爱”），“建议”即suggest，“推迟”即delay / postpone，“考虑”即consider。
• 情不自禁 完成冒险。“错过”即miss，“盼望”即look forward to，“完成”即finish，“冒险”即risk。

以下含有介词to的动词短语，也是只能用动名词作宾语。

• look forward to期待
• object to反对
• be/get used to习惯于

造句练习（注：鼠标选中空白处有惊喜哦）：

• 大多数小朋友喜欢看卡通。

  Most children enjoy watching cartoons.

• 很多大学毕业生正考虑在寻找工作前先去度个假。

  A lot of college graduates are considering taking a vacation before their job hunting.

• 我每晚睡前都练习弹钢琴一个小时。

  I practice playing the piano for an hour before I go to bed every night.

• 你能想象被困在交通阻塞中超过3小时吗？

  Can you imagine being caught in traffic jam for over three hours?

• 我盼望不久再见到您。再见。

  I look forward to seeing you again soon. Goodbye.

1.3、动名词作表语

• The subject of life is making choices.

  The subject of life is that people make choices.

  人生的课题就是做选择。

• Courage is doing what you’re afraid to do.

  勇气就是去做自己害怕做的事情。

补充：动名词也可作同位语（较少见的用法）

• Many people admire his special ability, learning three languages at the same time.

  很多人都羡慕他的特殊能力，同时学习3中预言。

• My hobby swimming dates from my childhood.

  我的业余爱好游泳源于我的童年。

二、动名词短语的逻辑主语

当动名词短语的主语和句子的主语不一致时，就必须加上动名词的逻辑主语。动名词短语的逻辑主语的构成方式为：所有格 + 动名词。比如，

• I remember that he promised to help these poor students.

如果将这个句子改成，

• I remember promising to help these poor students.

就是一个错误的句子。因为在这样的语境中，promising这个动名词，会被默认为是“我”发出的动作，这显然是不符合句意的。此时，必须给动名词加上逻辑主语，

• I remember his promising to help these poor students.

原则上，如果主语是代词，通常用所有格，但如果主语是名词，则用所有格和普通格都正确。

• His not finishing the work disappointed me.

  That he not finished the work disappointed me.

  他未能准时完成工作让我失望。

• Would you mind my coming with you?

  Wold you mind that I come with you?

  你介意我和你一起去吗?

• Excuse my interrupting you.

  Excuse that I interrupting you.

  请原谅我打断你。

注：在美式英语中，可以使用主格（动名词作主语），或宾格（动名词作宾语）代替所有格。所以，上述3个例句可以改成：

• He not finishing the work disappointed me.
• Would you mind me coming with you?
• Excuse me interrupting you.

当出现下列情况时，即使是在正式文体中，动名词的逻辑主语也习惯使用普通格：

• 逻辑主语为名词指物。

  The children are looking forward to spring coming.

  孩子们期待着春天的到来。

• 逻辑主语为多个名词。

  Do you remember Mary and her mother coming to see us last June？

  你还记得玛丽和她的妈妈去年6月来看我们吗？

• 逻辑主语是以“s”结尾的名词。

  It’s a disaster the bosses shutting all those factories.

  老板关掉了所有的工厂这简直是一场灾难。

• 逻辑主语与动名词分离。

  I remember mother once telling us a story about the fox.

  我记得妈妈曾经给我们讲过一个关于狐狸的故事。

• 逻辑主语为不定代词，如：someone, everything, something。

  They complained about everything going wrong.

  他们抱怨所有的事情都出错了。

造句练习（注：鼠标选中空白处有惊喜哦）：

• 我记得他曾经承诺，一旦我们遇到麻烦（get into trouble）他就会来帮助我们。

  I remember his/him once promising to help us if we got into trouble.

• 老师拒绝接受我的建议让我很恼火。

  My teacher’s refusing to accept my suggestion upset me.

三、动名词短语的时态和语态变化

动名词短语，没有“时”的变化，只有“态”的变化，而且也只有一般态和完成态。此外，和分词短语一样，动名词短语也有主动和被动两种语态。

当动名词的动作和主句主语的动作同时发生时，用一般态。如果是表示被动的含义，则要用被动语态。（注：动名词短语如果是being，任何时候都不能省略）

• No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements.（一般态，被动语态）

  没有人能避免受广告的影响。

• Everyone appreciates being appreciated.（一般态，被动语态）

  每个人都喜欢得到赞赏。

• There is only one thing in the world worst than being talked about, and that is not being talked about.

  世界上比被人议论更糟糕的一件事，就是根本没人去议论。

• Being deeply loved by someone gives you strength, while loving someone deeply gives you courage.

  人爱着有力，爱人者勇。

当动名词的动作，发生在主句动作之前时，要用完成态。（但动名词具有名词性质，时态要求没有分词那么严格，此时用一般态也不算错误）

• No good thing can be enjoyed by us, without having cost labor.（完成态，主动语态）

  No good thing can be enjoyed by us, without costing labor.

  不付出辛劳，我们就不能享受任何美好的事物。

• I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.（完成态，被动语态）

  我很感激两年前得到一次出国留学的机会。

下面两个短语为固定搭配，虽然是主动形式，但却是被动含义。

• sth. need doing（某事需要被做）

  The classroom is so dirty that it needs cleaning thoroughly.

  教室很脏，需要彻底清洁。

• sth. be worth doing（某事值得被做）

  By this time, a Lancaster bomber in reasonable condition was worth rescuing.

  这个时候，一架状态良好的lancaster轰炸机是值得被救的。

以下为特殊句型需要注意：

• Would you mind + V-ing?（不需要注意时态）

  Would you mind my opening the window? It’s very hot in here.

  你介意我打开窗户吗？这里太热了！

• Do you mind + V-ing?（不需要注意时态）

  Do you mind hading me that book?

  你介意把那本书给我吗？

• Would you mind if + 句子（虚拟语气：一般过去时）

  Would you mind if I smoked here?

  你介意我在这里抽烟吗？

• Do you mind if + 句子（真实语气：一般现在时）

  Do you mind if I smoke here?

  你介意我在这里抽烟吗？

造句练习（注：鼠标选中空白处有惊喜哦）：

• 这台电视机开关的声音在大街上都能被听到。

  The noise of the television being opened and closed can be heard in the street.

• 我一直后悔上学时没有更加努力的学习。

  I have always regretted not having sudied harder at school.

• 墙角处的那个人承认对这家公司的经理撒了谎（tell a lie）。

  The man in the corner confessed to having told a lie to the manager of company.

• 马克每次违反交通规则（break traffic regulation）以后都常常试图逃避被罚款。

  Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations.

• 我们的现代文明决不能被认为（be thought of as）是短期内建立的。

  Our modern civilization must not be thought as having been created in a short period of time.

• 你介意我提一个建议吗？

  Would you mind my/me making a suggestion.

四、小结

最后，小结一下今天的内容，我们还是直接看图：